Nano-pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles: a pathway to safer therapeutic applications.

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Xenobiotica Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI:10.1080/00498254.2025.2505062

Aishwarya Jain, Kiran Bhise

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has garnered significant attention due to their eco-friendly and biocompatible nature, making them ideal for biomedical applications.However, the limited understanding of their pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties hinders their clinical translation.This review critically examines the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of green-synthesised ZnO NPs, emphasising how synthesis methods influence their interaction with biological systems.We highlight key knowledge gaps, including biodistribution, cellular uptake, and long-term toxicity, and discuss strategies to optimise their therapeutic potential in targeted drug delivery and sustained release systems.A deeper understanding of PK/PD profiles is essential to enhance the safety and efficacy of ZnO NPs for next-generation therapeutics.Future research should focus on comprehensive in vivo studies and standardised testing protocols to bridge existing gaps.This review aims to guide the rational design of safer and more effective ZnO NPs for clinical applications.

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绿色合成ZnO纳米颗粒的纳米药代动力学和药效学：通往更安全治疗应用的途径。

氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs）的绿色合成由于其生态友好和生物相容性而受到广泛关注，使其成为生物医学应用的理想选择。然而，对其药代动力学（PK）和药效学（PD）特性的有限理解阻碍了它们的临床转化。本文综述了绿色合成ZnO NPs的ADME（吸收、分布、代谢和排泄），强调了合成方法如何影响它们与生物系统的相互作用。我们强调了关键的知识差距，包括生物分布、细胞摄取和长期毒性，并讨论了优化其在靶向药物递送和缓释系统中的治疗潜力的策略。深入了解PK/PD谱对于提高氧化锌NPs作为下一代治疗药物的安全性和有效性至关重要。未来的研究应侧重于全面的体内研究和标准化的测试方案，以弥补现有的差距。本文综述旨在指导临床应用中更安全、更有效的ZnO纳米粒子的合理设计。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Xenobiotica 医学-毒理学

CiteScore

3.80

自引率

5.60%

发文量

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Xenobiotica covers seven main areas, including:General Xenobiochemistry, including in vitro studies concerned with the metabolism, disposition and excretion of drugs, and other xenobiotics, as well as the structure, function and regulation of associated enzymesClinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, covering the pharmacokinetics and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and other xenobiotics in manAnimal Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, covering the pharmacokinetics, and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and other xenobiotics in animalsPharmacogenetics, defined as the identification and functional characterisation of polymorphic genes that encode xenobiotic metabolising enzymes and transporters that may result in altered enzymatic, cellular and clinical responses to xenobioticsMolecular Toxicology, concerning the mechanisms of toxicity and the study of toxicology of xenobiotics at the molecular levelXenobiotic Transporters, concerned with all aspects of the carrier proteins involved in the movement of xenobiotics into and out of cells, and their impact on pharmacokinetic behaviour in animals and manTopics in Xenobiochemistry, in the form of reviews and commentaries are primarily intended to be a critical analysis of the issue, wherein the author offers opinions on the relevance of data or of a particular experimental approach or methodology