Multi-objective optimization of high-performance concrete with SBR, silica fume, and fibers using NSGA-III: comprehensive evaluation of fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties

Abstract

This study investigates the multi-objective optimization of high-performance concrete (HPC) incorporating styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), silica fume, and fibers (glass and polypropylene) to enhance its fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties. A systematic experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effects of fiber reinforcement on workability, strength, durability, and microstructure. The study employs NSGA-III (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III) to optimize the mix design for maximum strength, minimum permeability, and cost efficiency. The results show that the addition of 1% glass fiber and 3% SBR in HPC led to a 20% increase in compressive strength (107.7 MPa), a 50% reduction in permeability, and improved acid and freeze-thaw resistance compared to conventional concrete. Microstructural analysis (SEM, TGA, and XRD) confirmed improved interfacial transition zone (ITZ) density, reduced porosity, and enhanced hydration product formation. The cost-performance analysis indicates that glass fiber-reinforced HPC offers superior durability and mechanical properties, making it an ideal choice for high-rise buildings, bridges, marine structures, and pavements. This study demonstrates that NSGA-III-based optimization effectively balances strength, durability, and cost, providing a sustainable and high-performance concrete solution for modern infrastructure. Future research should focus on hybrid fiber combinations and machine learning-based mix design optimization to further enhance HPC performance.