The origins of ricin as a biowarfare agent in ancient India.

Abstract

Ricin, a highly potent toxin derived from Ricinus communis, has been recognized as both a therapeutic agent and a bioweapon throughout history. Its toxic mechanism, involving ribosomal inhibition, makes it lethal even in minuscule amounts. Historical references, including the book Arthashastra by Kauṭilya in ancient India (4th century BC), describe its strategic use in warfare, particularly resembling modern day gas attacks. Kauṭilya's text details methods of ricin-based poisoning through inhalation and ingestion, highlighting its early role as a bioweapon. The inclusion of other toxic plants and substances in these formulations reflects a sophisticated understanding of toxicology in antiquity. The use of ricin in modern bioterrorism attempts, along with its potential medical applications in targeted cancer therapies, underscores its dual nature. The persistence of ricin as a potential threat reinforces the need for continued vigilance and historical analysis to inform contemporary biosecurity measures.