Golgi Localized Arl15 Regulates Cargo Transport and Cell Adhesion.

Abstract

Arf-like GTPases (Arls) regulate membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal organization. Genetic studies predicted a role for Arl15 in type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance, adiposity, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cell biological studies implicated Arl15 in regulating various cellular processes, including magnesium homeostasis and TGFβ signaling. However, the role of Arl15 in vesicular transport is poorly defined. We evaluated the function of Arl15 using techniques to quantify cargo trafficking to mechanobiology. Fluorescence microscopy of stably expressing Arl15-GFP HeLa cells showed its localization primarily to the Golgi and cell surface. The depletion of Arl15 causes the mislocalization of selective Golgi cargo, such as caveolin-2 and STX6, in the cells. Consistently, expression of GTPase-independent dominant negative mutants of Arl15 (Arl15^{V80A,A86L,E122K} and Arl15^C22Y,C23Y) results in mislocalization of caveolin-2 and STX6 from the Golgi. However, the localization of Arl15 to the Golgi is dependent on its palmitoylation and Arf1-dependent Golgi integrity. At the cellular level, Arl15 depleted cells display enhanced cell spreading and adhesion strength. Traction force microscopy experiments revealed that Arl15 depleted cells exert higher tractions and generate multiple focal adhesion points during the initial phase of cell adhesion compared to control cells. Collectively, these studies implicate a functional role for Arl15 in regulating cargo transport from the Golgi to regulate cell surface processes.