Perioperative management of pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome presenting for adenotonsillectomy.

Abstract

Purpose of review: The prevalence and severity of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is increasing, and patients with severe OSAS are at higher risk for perioperative adverse events because of an increased sensitivity to opioid medications. This review highlights new strategies for perioperative medication management for children presenting for adenotonsillectomy.

Recent findings: Fewer than 10% of patients presenting for adenotonsillectomy have undergone testing to determine the severity of their OSAS, despite cost-effective and practical diagnostic alternatives to polysomnography, such as nocturnal oximetry. With an increasing incidence of severe OSAS, recent research is focusing on opioid-sparing perioperative management including the use of alternative surgical techniques, regional anesthesia, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications that provide optimal analgesia with minimal adverse complications.

Summary: Severe OSAS increases perioperative risks for pediatric patients, but diagnostic techniques that stratify OSAS severity are underutilized preoperatively, leading to a lack of information on how best to care for patients on the day of surgery. Nonopioid analgesic adjuncts are becoming more common, improving safety for this patient population.