Which Is the Best Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?

Abstract

The choice of frontline therapy for a patient with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) can have a profound effect on the long-term clinical outcome. Currently, five tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs-imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and asciminib) are available for frontline therapy, but no single TKI is optimal for all patients. EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) risk score, comorbidities, and treatment-free remission (TFR) priority are the key determinants of frontline TKI selection. Higher ELTS score, low age and comorbidity score, and a high priority for achievement of TFR would all favor the frontline use of a more potent TKI than imatinib. However, no TKI has improved survival compared with imatinib. In children with CP-CML, imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib have similar long-term efficacy, with ease of administration and impact of toxicities on quality of life being key considerations. Recent adult trials of reduced-dose dasatinib frontline showed that efficacy may be equivalent to standard-dose dasatinib with a better tolerability and safety profile, but experience is limited in patients with high-risk ELTS scores. The ASC4FIRST trial has confirmed that tolerability and molecular response with asciminib are superior to those with both imatinib and the second-generation (2G)-TKIs. While the overall treatment failure rate was lower with asciminib, the rate of BCR::ABL1 mutations that emerged with asciminib appeared to be higher. The risk of emergent mutations appears to be highly associated with the presence of ASXL1 mutations in the CML cells at diagnosis, but more work is needed to understand the implications of this finding.