The Multidimensional Impact of Expanded Hemodialysis: A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) represents a transformative innovation in renal replacement therapy, addressing the limitations of conventional hemodialysis and high-flux modalities. By employing medium cut-off (MCO) membranes, HDx ensures efficient clearance of middle- and large-molecular-weight uremic toxins, such as β₂-microglobulin and cytokines, while selectively retaining vital proteins like albumin. This comprehensive review examines the clinical efficacy, safety, and broader implications of HDx, highlighting its potential to improve outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The review synthesizes findings from comparative studies, emphasizing HDx's superior toxin removal capabilities, particularly for solutes implicated in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular complications. Key mechanisms, including the internal filtration-backfiltration process, contribute to hemodynamic stability and enhanced toxin clearance. HDx demonstrates significant reductions in inflammatory biomarkers, improved arterial compliance, and better cardiovascular outcomes compared with traditional methods. Patient-reported outcomes further underscore HDx's benefits, with shorter recovery times, enhanced quality of life, and reduced intradialytic complications. While albumin loss remains a consideration, studies confirm its clinical acceptability and minimal impact on nutritional status. HDx's economic viability, reduced infrastructure requirements, and compatibility with existing systems position it as a cost-effective alternative, especially in resource-limited settings. Despite promising evidence, the review identifies gaps in long-term data, particularly regarding mortality and sustained quality-of-life improvements. Future directions include refining membrane technologies and incorporating personalized medicine approaches to optimize HDx protocols. By bridging these gaps, HDx has the potential to redefine renal replacement therapy, offering a safer, more effective, and scalable solution for CKD management.