Airway Management in Complex Maxillofacial Trauma: Evaluating the Role of Submental Intubation as a Viable Alternative to Tracheostomy.

Abstract

Airway management in maxillofacial trauma is a critical and complex challenge, requiring both secure ventilation and optimal surgical access while minimizing risks to vital structures. This study evaluated the efficacy of submental intubation (SMI) as a minimally invasive alternative to tracheostomy in patients with complex maxillofacial fractures. A retrospective analysis of 52 patients treated between 2015 and 2023 was conducted by comparing clinical outcomes between those who underwent SMI (n = 26) and those who underwent tracheostomy (n = 26). The duration of hospitalization, infection rates, and perioperative complications were assessed using t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate regression. Results indicated that SMI was associated with significantly shorter hospital stays (11.15 ± 3.29 vs. 23.96 ± 6.47 days, p < 0.001) and lower infection rates (3.8% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.028). Additionally, the SMI group demonstrated fewer intraoperative (p = 0.049) and postoperative complications (p = 0.037). Multivariate analysis identified tracheostomy as an independent predictor of prolonged hospitalization and increased complications. These findings support SMI as a safe and effective alternative to tracheostomy for short-term airway management in maxillofacial trauma, providing a shorter recovery period and fewer complications. Therefore, prospective studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these results and establish comprehensive guidelines.