Nitrate pollution index and age wise health risk appraisal for the Pambar River basin in south India.

IF 3.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Environmental Geochemistry and Health Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI:10.1007/s10653-025-02512-x

C N Sridhar, T Subramani, G R Senthil Kumar, K Soundaranayaki

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Abstract

Water and human healthcare are common concerns for everyone, resonating with the sustainable development goal. In Pambar River basin, south India, groundwater samples were obtained in 100 locations from open and bore wells to assess the quality of groundwater based on hydrochemical constituents like pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration), CO₃²- (carbonate), Ca²⁺ (calcium), HCO₃- (bicarbonate), Cl- (chloride), Mg²⁺ (magnesium), SO₄²- (sulfate), K⁺ (potassium), Na⁺ (sodium), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) with a special focus on NO₃- (nitrate) enrichment in groundwater and health risk computed from consumption of nitrate enriched water by different age categories of people, and acceptableness of water for consumption depends on the range of NPI (Nitrate Pollution Index). The nitrate content in subsurface water samples falls from 0.7 to 187.5 mg/L. Out of 100 samples, 31 samples surpassed the WHO, 2017 recommended limit for drinking purpose (> 45 mg/L). The calculated nitrate pollution index (NPI) values of samples represent clean class (n = 43), light pollution class (n = 26), moderate pollution class (n = 9), significant class (n = 11) and very significant class (n = 11). The correlation matrix explains nitrate is weakly correlated with pH, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, and negatively associated with TDS, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The human health risk assessment computed from oral intake and dermal contact indicated that 36%, 34%, 31%, 36%, and 31% of samples for children, younger women, elder women, younger men, and elder men respectively, had a total hazard index (THI) > 1, indicating potential health risks. The nitrate enrichment in the subsurface water is caused by human-induced factors like fertilizers usage for agriculture, and leaching of animal waste. The health risk and water quality study suggest regular monitoring and managing the quality of groundwater for making the healthy society.

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印度南部潘巴尔河流域硝酸盐污染指数与年龄健康风险评价

水和人类保健是每个人共同关心的问题，与可持续发展目标是一致的。在印度南部的Pambar河流域，从100个地点的露天和钻孔井中获取地下水样本，根据水化学成分，如pH（氢离子浓度）、CO₃2-（碳酸钙）、Ca2⁺（钙）、HCO₃-（碳酸氢盐）、Cl-（氯化物）、Mg2⁺（镁）、SO₄2-（硫酸盐）、K⁺（钾）、Na⁺（钠）、TDS（总溶解固体），特别关注地下水中NO₃-（硝酸盐）的富集和通过不同年龄类别的人饮用硝酸盐富集水计算的健康风险，水的可接受性取决于NPI（硝酸盐污染指数）的范围。地下水样品中硝酸盐含量从0.7 ~ 187.5 mg/L下降。在100个样本中，有31个样本超过了世卫组织2017年建议的饮用限量（45毫克/升）。计算得到的样品硝酸盐污染指数（NPI）值分别为干净类（n = 43）、轻污染类（n = 26）、中度污染类（n = 9）、显著类（n = 11）和非常显著类（n = 11）。相关矩阵解释了硝酸盐与pH、镁、钙和钾呈弱相关，与TDS、钠、碳酸氢盐、氯化物和硫酸盐呈负相关。从口腔摄入和皮肤接触计算的人体健康风险评估结果显示，儿童、年轻女性、老年女性、年轻男性和老年男性的总危害指数（THI）分别为36%、34%、31%、36%和31%，表明存在潜在的健康风险。地下水中硝酸盐的富集是由人为因素引起的，如农业化肥的使用和动物粪便的浸出。健康风险和水质研究建议定期监测和管理地下水质量，以建设健康社会。

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来源期刊

Environmental Geochemistry and Health 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

8.00

自引率

4.80%

发文量

279

审稿时长

4.2 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Geochemistry and Health publishes original research papers and review papers across the broad field of environmental geochemistry. Environmental geochemistry and health establishes and explains links between the natural or disturbed chemical composition of the earth’s surface and the health of plants, animals and people. Beneficial elements regulate or promote enzymatic and hormonal activity whereas other elements may be toxic. Bedrock geochemistry controls the composition of soil and hence that of water and vegetation. Environmental issues, such as pollution, arising from the extraction and use of mineral resources, are discussed. The effects of contaminants introduced into the earth’s geochemical systems are examined. Geochemical surveys of soil, water and plants show how major and trace elements are distributed geographically. Associated epidemiological studies reveal the possibility of causal links between the natural or disturbed geochemical environment and disease. Experimental research illuminates the nature or consequences of natural or disturbed geochemical processes. The journal particularly welcomes novel research linking environmental geochemistry and health issues on such topics as: heavy metals (including mercury), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and mixed chemicals emitted through human activities, such as uncontrolled recycling of electronic-waste; waste recycling; surface-atmospheric interaction processes (natural and anthropogenic emissions, vertical transport, deposition, and physical-chemical interaction) of gases and aerosols; phytoremediation/restoration of contaminated sites; food contamination and safety; environmental effects of medicines; effects and toxicity of mixed pollutants; speciation of heavy metals/metalloids; effects of mining; disturbed geochemistry from human behavior, natural or man-made hazards; particle and nanoparticle toxicology; risk and the vulnerability of populations, etc.