The contemporary landscape of cardiovascular optimization in type 2 diabetes: overcoming barriers to evidence-based use of newer antihyperglycemic agents.

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), represent leading global health challenges with rising incidence and prevalence. Despite strong evidence supporting the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in managing CVD risk in T2D, these therapies remain underutilized.

Areas covered: This review discusses the present state of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA usage, emphasizing barriers to their adoption, including clinical inertia, high costs, and misconceptions about injectable therapies. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, UpToDate, major society journals, and clinical guidelines. Information was gathered from cohort studies, survey reports, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses that examine the effectiveness and challenges surrounding these treatments.

Expert opinion: Addressing the underuse of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA requires a multifaceted approach. Key strategies include improving prescriber awareness, reducing out-of-pocket costs, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and leveraging digital health tools. Implementation science has shown promise in enhancing therapy uptake. Future efforts must integrate these therapies into value-based care models to ensure timely, equitable access, ultimately reducing cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in high-risk T2D populations.