Physicochemical Factors Influencing E. coli Contamination in Kathmandu Valley Ponds: Public Health and Environmental Implications.

IF 2.9 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Environmental Health Insights Pub Date : 2025-04-14 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.1177/11786302251327938
Niteesh Pokharel, Prajina Neupane, Ayushma Karki, Reshma Thapa, Surendra K Pradhan
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Ponds in Kathmandu Valley reflect its rich history with water resources, but increasing pollution threatens public health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of pond water and further analyze the factors influencing E. coli contamination. In 2023, water samples from 27 out of a total of 35 ponds were examined for physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, TSS, turbidity, iron (Fe2+), nitrite (NO2 -), phosphate (PO4 3-), ammonia (NH3), DO, BOD, and COD) and microbial parameters (total coliforms and E. coli). Results revealed that all ponds exceeded WHO limits for TSS and turbidity for drinking water. Furthermore 67% surpassed the iron limit, while 96% exceeded USEPA's BOD and COD levels for supporting aquatic life. Coliforms were present in all ponds, with E. coli detected in 67%, indicating the water was unfit for drinking under EU guidelines. Logistic regression revealed a significant association of COD and temperature (P-values 0.001 and 0.023 respectively) with E. coli presence. A 3D visualization of the data further supports the association and illustrates these relationships, COD having a greater impact. These findings underscore public health risks and environmental concerns, urging sewage and runoff management and recommending expanded seasonal studies to establish comprehensive water quality guidelines.

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影响加德满都山谷池塘中大肠杆菌污染的理化因素:公共卫生和环境影响。
加德满都谷地的池塘反映了其丰富的水资源历史,但日益严重的污染威胁着公众健康和环境。本研究旨在评价池塘水的理化和微生物质量,并进一步分析大肠杆菌污染的影响因素。2023年,对35个池塘中27个池塘的水样进行了理化参数(温度、pH、TSS、浊度、铁(Fe2+)、亚硝酸盐(NO2 -)、磷酸盐(PO4 3-)、氨(NH3)、DO、BOD和COD)和微生物参数(总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌)的检测。结果显示,所有池塘的TSS和饮用水浊度均超过世界卫生组织的标准。此外,67%超过了铁的限制,96%超过了美国环保局支持水生生物的BOD和COD水平。所有池塘都有大肠菌群,其中67%的池塘检测到大肠杆菌,这表明根据欧盟的指导方针,水不适合饮用。Logistic回归分析显示,COD和温度与大肠杆菌存在显著相关(p值分别为0.001和0.023)。数据的3D可视化进一步支持了这种关联,并说明了这些关系,COD具有更大的影响。这些调查结果强调了公共健康风险和环境问题,敦促对污水和径流进行管理,并建议扩大季节性研究,以建立全面的水质准则。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Environmental Health Insights
Environmental Health Insights PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH-
CiteScore
3.20
自引率
22.20%
发文量
97
审稿时长
8 weeks
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