Modulating inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling to mitigate neurobehavioral comorbidities associated with seizure disorders

Abstract

Although epilepsy is first known as a disease of seizures and convulsions, most patients with epilepsy also suffer from seizure-associated behavioral abnormalities in motor functions, psychiatric status, and cognition. These neurobehavioral comorbidities may have greater impacts on the quality of life of people with epilepsy than the seizures themselves and can profoundly interfere with the treatment compliance. While repeated seizures often lead to behavioral comorbidities, certain types of comorbid conditions may potentially increase the risk for epileptic seizures, indicative of some common mechanisms that might underlie these two conditions. As such, emerging evidence supports that inflammation within the brain might represent a key component of such a shared mechanism, given that neuroinflammation can be induced by seizures and various behavioral stressors, and in turn may exacerbate both conditions. Among inflammatory pathways that arise after prolonged seizures, PGE₂ signaling via the EP2 receptor promotes cytokine induction, blood–brain barrier disruption, reactive gliosis, neuronal death, and eventually, contributes to behavioral dysfunctions. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by small-molecule drug-like antagonists affords broad therapeutic benefits including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several rodent seizure models, leading to long-lasting alleviation of neurobehavioral comorbidities, particularly cognitive impairments. Targeting this key inflammatory prostaglandin receptor might provide an adjunctive strategy, along with the current anti-seizure medications, to mitigate cognitive dysfunctions associated with seizure disorders.