A comprehensive review of fluoride removal using low-cost adsorbents for environmental and industrial applications

Abstract

Fluoride is one of the essential trace elements for the human body. However, excessive intake can lead to skeletal disorders and seriously affect the growth and development of plants and animals, posing significant threats to human health. This review systematically summarizes over 100 recent studies from the past decade on the use of low-cost materials for fluoride removal via adsorption. Key aspects such as influencing factors, adsorption kinetics, isotherm models, and underlying mechanisms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the potential applications of low-cost adsorbents in environmental remediation, resource recovery, and industrial processes are critically assessed. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in related fields and offers practical references for advancing the application of low-cost mineral-based technologies for fluoride removal.