Intracranial pressure dynamics, cerebral autoregulation, and brain perfusion after decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: is there a role for invasive monitoring?

Abstract

Objective

Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMI) is a severe neurological condition. Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an established lifesaving surgical treatment. However, the role of neurocritical care with monitoring and management of the intracranial pressure (ICP), pressure reactivity index (PRx), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and optimal perfusion pressure (CPPopt) remain unclear. This study aims to examine the dynamics of these variables post-DC in relation to clinical outcome.

Methods

This retrospective study included 70 MMI patients who underwent DC with ICP monitoring of at least 12 hours and available data of clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] at 6 months). The associations between mRS and cerebral physiology (ICP, PRx, CPP, and ∆CPPopt) was analysed and presented in different outcome heatmaps over the first 7 days following DC.

Results

ICP above 15 mmHg was associated with unfavourable outcome, particularly for longer durations. As PRx exceeded zero, outcome worsened progressively, and values above 0.5 correlated to poor outcome regardless of duration. As CPP dropped below 80 mmHg, there was a transition from favourable to unfavourable outcome. Negative ∆CPPopt, particularly below -20 mmHg, corresponded to unfavourable outcome. In two-variable heatmaps, elevated PRx combined with high ICP, low CPP or negative ∆CPPopt correlated with worse outcome.

Conclusion

Invasive ICP-monitoring may provide prognostic information for long-term recovery in MMI patients post-DC. The study highlighted disease-specific optimal physiological intervals for ICP, PRx, CPP, and ΔCPPopt. Of particular interest, the autoregulatory variable, PRx, influenced the safe and dangerous ICP, CPP, and ∆CPPopt intervals.