Myelodysplastic neoplasms

Abstract

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDSs) are rare clonal haematological neoplasms that result from disordered haematopoiesis. MDSs typically present in elderly individuals with cytopenia in one or more blood cell lineages. MDSs are diagnosed based on clinical, morphological, cytogenetic and genetic changes, with the latest international MDS classifications in 2022 incorporating these disease features into different MDS subtypes. Prognostic scoring systems can be used in individuals with MDS at presentation, to confer an estimated overall survival as well as guide appropriate treatment; this should be tailored based on the prognostic score as well as individual clinical factors.