A large, general and modular DARPin–apoferritin scaffold enables the visualization of small proteins by cryo-EM

Abstract

This study introduces a modular scaffold strategy utilizing designed ankyrin-repeat proteins (DARPins) and a symmetric apoferritin base to overcome size limitations in single-particle cryo-EM, enabling near-atomic-resolution structural determination of medium-sized proteins like GFP and MBP. The high-symmetry, near-spherical scaffold not only resolves the common preferred-orientation challenges in single-particle cryo-EM but also reduces data-processing demands, offering a versatile platform for structural analysis of diverse proteins.

Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as an indispensable technique in structural biology that is pivotal for deciphering protein architectures. However, the medium-sized proteins (30–40 kDa) that are prevalent in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms often elude the resolving capabilities of contemporary cryo-EM methods. To address this challenge, we engineered a scaffold strategy that securely anchors proteins of interest to a robust, symmetric base via a selective adapter. Our most efficacious constructs, namely models 4 and 6c, feature a designed ankyrin-repeat protein (DARPin) rigidly linked to an octahedral human apoferritin via a helical linker. By utilizing these large, highly symmetric scaffolds (∼1 MDa), we achieved near-atomic-resolution cryo-EM structures of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and maltose-binding protein (MBP), revealing nearly all side-chain densities of GFP and the distinct structural features of MBP. The modular design of our scaffold allows the adaptation of new DARPins through minor amino-acid-sequence modifications, enabling the binding and visualization of a diverse array of proteins. The high symmetry and near-spherical shape of the scaffold not only mitigates the prevalent challenge of preferred particle orientation in cryo-EM but also significantly reduces the demands of image collection and data processing. This approach presents a versatile solution, breaking through the size constraints that have traditionally limited single-particle cryo-EM.