Food security and economic resilience of wild snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina subsp. Cucumerina) under different host trees in subtropical managed forests

Abstract

Food security remains a pressing global concern, particularly in regions where traditional agriculture is increasingly challenged by climate change, population growth, and environmental degradation. Wild edible plants have gained attention as viable alternatives to enhance food security and diversify diets. This study focuses on Wild Snake Gourd (WSG) (Trichosanthes cucumerina subsp. cucumerina), a non-timber forest product with significant potential for food security and income in subtropical managed forests (Changa Manga, Chichawatni, Daphar, and Jhok). The research investigated the influence of different host trees on the leaf and fruit traits along with an economic evaluation of its collection in subtropical region of Pakistan. Ethnobotanical data were gathered through structured interviews with local collectors, while leaf and fruit functional traits were measured across four host trees: Dalbergia sissoo, Morus alba, Ziziphus nummularia, and Vachellia farnesiana. Economic analysis revealed that WSG collection contributes to rural livelihoods, with Changa Manga Forest providing the highest financial returns (average daily income: $10.72 per collector). Results showed that Dalbergia consistently supported the highest productivity, with an average of 16 fruits per plant, significantly higher than Ziziphus (5 fruits per plant, p < 0.001). Leaf area was also largest under Dalbergia (101.8 cm², p < 0.001), indicating its superior suitability as a host tree. Significant variations in leaf and fruit traits among host trees were observed, and canopy cover notably influenced WSG density (Adjusted R² = 0.592). The outcomes highlight the significant role of host-tree selection in optimizing the productivity of WSG, demonstrating its potential to enhance food security and economic resilience in subtropical managed forests. These insights emphasize the need to integrate WSG into agroforestry policies, promote sustainable harvesting practices, and improve market access for forest-dependent communities. Future research should explore genetic diversity and climate adaptability of WSG to further enhance its role in global food security strategies.