Heavy metal removal from wastewater by SnS thin films deposited by the modified SILAR technique at ambient temperature

IF 4.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Chemistry and Physics Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130939

N. Aparna, Reshma S. Philip, Meril Mathew

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Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of tin monosulfide (SnS) thin films in removing heavy metals from wastewater. The SnS thin films were deposited at room temperature using a modified version of the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The deposited samples were confirmed to be SnS through XRD, XPS, and EDAX analysis. The XRD analysis revealed that the SnS thin films are polycrystalline with an orthorhombic crystal structure. Variations in the number of SILAR cycles resulted in changes in film thickness, crystallinity, crystallite size, and morphology. The SnS thin films were utilized to remove heavy metals from wastewater. UV–visible spectroscopic examination and ICP-OES analysis demonstrated that SnS thin films effectively removed chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated water. Under irradiation from a xenon lamp, the SnS thin films eliminated nearly 99 % of Cr(VI) from a 100 ml solution (initial concentration - 25 mg/l, pH - 2.5) within 80 min. Additionally, the SnS thin films removed 97 % of Cr(VI) under ambient light conditions and 94 % in dark conditions. The removal of Cr(VI) by the SnS thin films was identified as an adsorption-reduction process, with XPS analysis of the spent sample confirming the formation of Cr(III). The SnS thin films exhibited high efficiency, easy recovery, and reusability for Cr(VI) removal. The study also investigated the impact of several factors on chromium removal efficiency, including initial pollutant concentration, solution pH and salinity, and speed of magnetic stirring. Furthermore, the selectivity of SnS thin films was demonstrated through their efficiency in removing cadmium and lead. The thin films removed 72 % of cadmium in dark conditions and 82 % under illumination within 40 min. The lead removal rates were 78 % in dark conditions and 99.8 % in illuminated conditions within 40 min. This study highlights the advantages of using thin films for water remediation compared to nanoparticles.

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常温下改性SILAR技术沉积的SnS薄膜去除废水中的重金属

研究了单硫化锡（SnS）薄膜去除废水中重金属的效果。采用改进的连续离子层吸附反应法（SILAR）在室温下沉积了SnS薄膜。通过XRD、XPS和EDAX分析，证实沉积样品为SnS。XRD分析表明，所制备的SnS薄膜为多晶，具有正交晶型结构。SILAR循环次数的变化导致薄膜厚度、结晶度、晶粒大小和形貌的变化。利用SnS薄膜去除废水中的重金属。紫外可见光谱和ICP-OES分析表明，SnS薄膜能有效去除水中的铬（Cr(VI)）。在氙灯照射下，在80分钟内，SnS薄膜从100 ml溶液（初始浓度- 25 mg/l， pH - 2.5）中去除近99%的Cr（VI）。此外，在环境光照条件下，SnS薄膜去除97%的Cr(VI)，在黑暗条件下，去除94%。SnS薄膜对Cr（VI）的去除是一个吸附-还原过程，废样品的XPS分析证实了Cr（III）的形成。SnS薄膜具有去除Cr（VI）效率高、易于回收、可重复使用等特点。研究了初始污染物浓度、溶液pH、矿化度、磁力搅拌速度等因素对除铬效率的影响。此外，通过对镉和铅的有效去除，证明了SnS薄膜的选择性。在黑暗条件下，薄膜去除了72%的镉，在照明条件下，40分钟内去除了82%。在黑暗条件下，40分钟内铅的去除率为78%，在照明条件下，40分钟内铅的去除率为99.8%。该研究强调了与纳米颗粒相比，使用薄膜进行水修复的优势。

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来源期刊

Materials Chemistry and Physics 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

8.70

自引率

4.30%

发文量

1515

审稿时长

69 days

期刊介绍： Materials Chemistry and Physics is devoted to short communications, full-length research papers and feature articles on interrelationships among structure, properties, processing and performance of materials. The Editors welcome manuscripts on thin films, surface and interface science, materials degradation and reliability, metallurgy, semiconductors and optoelectronic materials, fine ceramics, magnetics, superconductors, specialty polymers, nano-materials and composite materials.