Ammonium dinitramide (ADN)-based hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant prepared by dimeryl diisocyanate (DDI)

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Combustion and Flame Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI:10.1016/j.combustflame.2025.114178

Kai Xin, Yuanlu Cui, Zheng Huo, Ju Li, Kairui Yang, Chong Teng, Jianmin Li, Jinxian Zhai, Rongjie Yang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) reacts with ammonium dinitramide (ADN), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) adversely affects the thermal stability of ADN, which limits the application of ADN in hydroxyl‑terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant. Due to the low toxicity and good physicochemical properties, dimeryl diisocyanate (DDI) is a good alternative for HTPB propellant. It was found that DDI is compatible with ADN, and HTPB/ammonium perchlorate (AP)/ADN/Al propellant cured by DDI was successfully prepared. Compared with HTPB/AP/Al and HTPB/AP/cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX)/Al propellants, HTPB/AP/ADN/Al propellant has the lowest density, but the highest heat of combustion and theoretical specific impulse, which is related to the low density, high oxygen balance, high gas production and high energy of ADN. The addition of ADN promotes the low-temperature decomposition of AP in propellant, shortens the ignition delay time, and improves the burning rate and burning rate-pressure exponent. RDX and ADN have lower melting point and decomposition temperature, and release a lot of heat during decomposition, so it is easier to form a molten layer on the combustion surface, which promotes the Al agglomeration. However, the high gas production of ADN inhibits the Al agglomeration to some extent. The proportion of agglomerates in condensed combustion products of HTPB/AP/ADN/Al propellant is 5.11 % lower than that of HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellant, and its size is also smaller. The Al content of condensed combustion products of HTPB/AP/ADN/Al propellant is nearly 1/3 lower than that of HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellant. DDI is a curing agent suitable for ADN-based HTPB propellant, and compared with nitroamine explosives with negative oxygen balance such as RDX, ADN has many advantages in HTPB system.

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二异氰酸酯（DDI）制备二硝酰胺铵（ADN）基端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂

甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）与二硝酰胺铵（ADN）发生反应，异虫酮二异氰酸酯（IPDI）对ADN的热稳定性有不利影响，限制了ADN在端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂中的应用。二异氰酸酯（DDI）具有低毒性和良好的物理化学性能，是HTPB推进剂的良好替代品。结果表明，DDI与ADN具有良好的相容性，并成功制备了以DDI固化的HTPB/过氯酸铵(AP)/ADN/Al推进剂。与HTPB/AP/Al和HTPB/AP/环三甲基三胺(RDX)/Al推进剂相比，HTPB/AP/ADN/Al推进剂的密度最低，但燃烧热和理论比冲最高，这与ADN的低密度、高氧平衡、高产气和高能量有关。ADN的加入促进了推进剂中AP的低温分解，缩短了点火延迟时间，提高了燃速和燃速-压指数。RDX和ADN的熔点和分解温度较低，分解时释放大量热量，因此更容易在燃烧表面形成熔融层，促进Al团聚。而ADN的高产气量在一定程度上抑制了Al的团聚。与HTPB/AP/RDX/Al推进剂相比，HTPB/AP/ADN/Al推进剂凝聚燃烧产物中团聚体的比例降低了5.11%，团聚体尺寸也更小。HTPB/AP/ADN/Al推进剂凝聚燃烧产物Al含量比HTPB/AP/RDX/Al推进剂低近1/3。DDI是一种适用于ADN基HTPB推进剂的固化剂，与RDX等负氧平衡的硝胺类炸药相比，ADN在HTPB体系中具有许多优点。

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来源期刊

Combustion and Flame 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

9.50

自引率

20.50%

发文量

631

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： The mission of the journal is to publish high quality work from experimental, theoretical, and computational investigations on the fundamentals of combustion phenomena and closely allied matters. While submissions in all pertinent areas are welcomed, past and recent focus of the journal has been on: Development and validation of reaction kinetics, reduction of reaction mechanisms and modeling of combustion systems, including: Conventional, alternative and surrogate fuels; Pollutants; Particulate and aerosol formation and abatement; Heterogeneous processes. Experimental, theoretical, and computational studies of laminar and turbulent combustion phenomena, including: Premixed and non-premixed flames; Ignition and extinction phenomena; Flame propagation; Flame structure; Instabilities and swirl; Flame spread; Multi-phase reactants. Advances in diagnostic and computational methods in combustion, including: Measurement and simulation of scalar and vector properties; Novel techniques; State-of-the art applications. Fundamental investigations of combustion technologies and systems, including: Internal combustion engines; Gas turbines; Small- and large-scale stationary combustion and power generation; Catalytic combustion; Combustion synthesis; Combustion under extreme conditions; New concepts.