Bio-hydrogen production from various waste resources through circular economy: current technologies and future perspective

Abstract

In the present global scenario, the imperative need for decarbonisation is rapidly driving the push towards the technologies for production of bio-hydrogen as a promising biofuel for the future. The escalating pace of industrial development and urban expansion has led to significant environmental degradation and intensifying the focus on bio-hydrogen. Consequently, research endeavours are directed towards its production using diverse renewable and sustainable resources. Over the past decades, numerous process and technologies have evolved for advance in bio-hydrogen production across various dimensions. To further enhancing the productivity of existing technologies, there is a need of growing emphasis on processes, that are not only more efficient but also commercially and economically viable, with a particular focus on resources like solid biomass and liquid waste over other renewable sources. The present study discussed in details about various process which includes thermochemical, biological, and electrochemical conversions, coupled with modified pre-treatment methods employing suitable conditions and parameters, which are emerging as more efficient, cost-effective means to enhance the yield of bio-hydrogen production as compared to conventional technologies. The present study specifically delved into a critical analysis of diverse technologies/processes developed over the years, particularly in the context of sustainable utilization of waste resources to circular economy through the generation of hydrogen.