Cross-Era Gender Differences in Educational Attainment Among Second-Generation Immigrants

IF 2.3 1区 社会学 Q1 DEMOGRAPHY
Jennifer Van Hook, Kendal Lowrey
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Abstract

Starting in the 1990s, the United States experienced a gender revolution in education whereby later born cohorts of women surpassed men in rates of higher education completion. However, little research has explored how gender differences in education for second-generation immigrants compare to the children of U.S.-born Whites over historical and contemporary time periods. Immigrants arrive with varying levels of socioeconomic status and may come from countries with paternalistic ideologies that reinforce traditional gender norms. However, immigrants also experience assimilation over time and may begin to mirror the U.S.-born in their educational outcomes by the second generation. While national trends show that women have surpassed men in years of education, we question whether immigrants will experience similar trends, or whether their outcomes will vary by national origin. We analyze newly obtainable linked census data collected from 1940 to the present, a timeline where linked data were previously unavailable, to test these ideas. These data offer insight into gendered trends in education by family background and socioeconomic status using a broader timeline than studies before. We find that while there is variation in the degree to which gender differences in education occur by ethnic origin, overall trends for immigrants are similar to those for U.S.-born Whites regardless of socioeconomic status in childhood. In the Industrial Era, men generally attained more years of schooling than women. However, there is greater gender equality and often a female advantage occurring for most groups in the post-Industrial Era. Educational trends for Blacks are an anomaly, whereby women have attained more years of schooling than men in both Eras.
第二代移民受教育程度的跨时代性别差异
从20世纪90年代开始,美国经历了一场教育领域的性别革命,后来出生的女性在高等教育完成率上超过了男性。然而,很少有研究探讨在历史和当代时期,第二代移民与美国出生的白人子女在教育方面的性别差异。移民的社会经济地位各不相同,他们可能来自具有家长式意识形态、强化传统性别规范的国家。然而,随着时间的推移,移民也会经历同化,并可能在第二代的教育成果中开始反映美国出生的人。虽然全国趋势显示,女性在受教育年限上已经超过了男性,但我们质疑移民是否会经历类似的趋势,或者他们的结果是否会因国籍而异。我们分析了从1940年到现在收集的新获得的相关人口普查数据,这是一个以前无法获得相关数据的时间线,以测试这些想法。这些数据提供了对按家庭背景和社会经济地位划分的教育性别趋势的洞察,使用的时间线比以前的研究更宽。我们发现,虽然不同种族在教育方面的性别差异程度有所不同,但无论童年时期的社会经济地位如何,移民的总体趋势与美国出生的白人相似。在工业时代,男性通常比女性受教育的时间更长。然而,在后工业时代,大多数群体都有更大的性别平等和女性优势。黑人的教育趋势是一种反常现象,在这两个时代,女性的受教育年限都比男性长。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
7.90%
发文量
69
期刊介绍: International Migration Review is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects of sociodemographic, historical, economic, political, legislative and international migration. It is internationally regarded as the principal journal in the field facilitating study of international migration, ethnic group relations, and refugee movements. Through an interdisciplinary approach and from an international perspective, IMR provides the single most comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis and review of international population movements.
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