Indirect fluorimetric determination of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide optimized by design of experiments with high greenness value

IF 5.3 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Molecular Liquids Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127556

Héctor Hernán Hernández Zarta , Alicia Viviana Veglia

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Abstract

Design of Experiments (DOE) was used to develop optimal conditions for studying the interaction between the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMI) and p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (TC) using UV–Vis and spectrofluorimetric techniques. The study involved varying TC concentrations (0 to 2 µM), EMI concentrations (0 to 2 mM), and ethanol–water (E/W) ratios (pH 6.000; 25.0 °C). The absorbance of TC followed a cubic relationship concerning the ethanol, water, and EMI content (R² = 0.9744). Optimal solubilization of TC was achieved at an E/W ratio of 65/35 v/v, with no influence from EMI. However, under these optimal conditions, TC fluorescence emission decreased with increasing EMI concentrations. This observation enabled the determination of Stern-Volmer quenching constants at various temperatures, averaging (3.3 ± 0.4) × 10³ M⁻¹, indicating the formation of a non-fluorescent supramolecular complex in the ground state. This interpretation was supported by fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy measurements. Additionally, this constant reflects the sensitivity of the EMI calibration curve, with a limit of detection (LOD) of (19.2 ± 0.6) µM, which is an improvement over the previously reported value. The method also demonstrated favourable environmental friendliness.

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通过高绿度实验设计，优化了间接荧光法测定1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴的方法

采用实验设计法（DOE）建立了离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴（EMI）与对叔丁基噻甲酸[4]芳烃（TC）相互作用研究的最佳条件。该研究涉及不同的TC浓度（0至2 μ M）， EMI浓度（0至2 mM）和乙醇-水（E/W）比(pH值6.000；25.0°C)。TC的吸光度与乙醇、水、EMI含量呈正相关关系（R2 = 0.9744）。在E/W比为65/35 v/v时，对TC的增溶效果最佳，且不受电磁干扰的影响。然而，在这些最优条件下，TC荧光发射随EMI浓度的增加而降低。这一观察结果可以测定不同温度下的Stern-Volmer猝灭常数，平均为（3.3±0.4）× 103 M−1，表明在基态下形成了非荧光超分子络合物。这种解释得到了荧光寿命和各向异性测量的支持。此外，该常数反映了EMI校准曲线的灵敏度，其检测限（LOD）为（19.2±0.6）µM，这比先前报道的值有所改进。该方法还具有良好的环境友好性。

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来源期刊

Journal of Molecular Liquids 化学-物理：原子、分子和化学物理

CiteScore

10.30

自引率

16.70%

发文量

2597

审稿时长

78 days

期刊介绍： The journal includes papers in the following areas: – Simple organic liquids and mixtures – Ionic liquids – Surfactant solutions (including micelles and vesicles) and liquid interfaces – Colloidal solutions and nanoparticles – Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals – Ferrofluids – Water, aqueous solutions and other hydrogen-bonded liquids – Lubricants, polymer solutions and melts – Molten metals and salts – Phase transitions and critical phenomena in liquids and confined fluids – Self assembly in complex liquids.– Biomolecules in solution The emphasis is on the molecular (or microscopic) understanding of particular liquids or liquid systems, especially concerning structure, dynamics and intermolecular forces. The experimental techniques used may include: – Conventional spectroscopy (mid-IR and far-IR, Raman, NMR, etc.) – Non-linear optics and time resolved spectroscopy (psec, fsec, asec, ISRS, etc.) – Light scattering (Rayleigh, Brillouin, PCS, etc.) – Dielectric relaxation – X-ray and neutron scattering and diffraction. Experimental studies, computer simulations (MD or MC) and analytical theory will be considered for publication; papers just reporting experimental results that do not contribute to the understanding of the fundamentals of molecular and ionic liquids will not be accepted. Only papers of a non-routine nature and advancing the field will be considered for publication.