Occurrence, partitioning behavior, and ecological risk assessment of octylphenol and nonylphenol in surface waters and sediments of Terengganu Rivers, Malaysia

IF 2.9 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-13979-7

Baharom Mohamad Zahid, Mohd Yusoff Nurulnadia

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Abstract

The occurrence, partitioning behavior, and ecological risk assessment of octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) were investigated in the surface water and sediment of three rivers in Terengganu, Malaysia, to understand the fate and ecological risk of these chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. Target chemicals were extracted using solvent extractant and cleaned up via solid-phase extraction. This is followed by analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and verification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). OP was consistently higher in both surface water and sediment, while NP was predominantly found in sediment with minimal detection in surface water. Concentrations in sediment (OP, 0.19–30.88 ng/g dw; NP, 0.38–84.42 ng/g dw) and in surface water (OP, 0.0019–0.0077 ng/mL; NP, 0.0007–0.0023 ng/mL) suggest strong adsorption from water to sediment due to the hydrophobic effects of these compounds. The partitioning behavior of OP was evaluated using two indicators: (1) the sediment–water partition coefficient (K_d) and (2) the carbon-normalized partition coefficient (K’_oc). The results indicated that OP is readily adsorbed and released from sediment, with log K_d values ranging from 3.06 to 3.57 and log K’_oc values from 3.00 to 3.97. A significant positive correlation was observed between physical water parameters (temperature, salinity, and pH), whereas a significant negative correlation was found between these parameters and the concentrations of OP and NP in sediment. The ecological risk assessment showed that OP in water posed a low risk, while OP and NP in sediment presented varying risks, ranging from low to high risk between 2018 and 2019. This baseline information on the partitioning behavior is invaluable for predicting the environmental fate of these compounds in sediment–water interactions in Malaysia and for assessing the ecological risks they may pose to aquatic organisms.

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马来西亚丁加奴河地表水和沉积物中辛基苯酚和壬基苯酚的存在、分配行为和生态风险评估

通过对马来西亚登嘉楼三河地表水和沉积物中辛基酚（OP）和壬基酚（NP）的赋存、分配行为和生态风险评价进行研究，了解这两种化学物质在水生态系统中的命运和生态风险。目的物采用溶剂萃取剂萃取，固相萃取净化。然后通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析，并通过液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS /MS）进行验证。在地表水和沉积物中，OP始终较高，而NP主要存在于沉积物中，在地表水中检测到的最少。沉积物中浓度(OP, 0.19-30.88 ng/g dw；NP为0.38 ~ 84.42 ng/g dw)，地表水中OP为0.0019 ~ 0.0077 ng/mL；NP值为0.0007-0.0023 ng/mL)表明，由于这些化合物的疏水作用，从水到沉积物的吸附能力很强。利用两个指标(1)沉积物-水分配系数（Kd）和(2)碳归一化分配系数（K’oc）来评价OP的分配行为。结果表明，OP在沉积物中具有较好的吸附和释放特性，其对数Kd值在3.06 ~ 3.57之间，对数K′oc值在3.00 ~ 3.97之间。物理水参数（温度、盐度和pH）之间存在显著的正相关，而这些参数与沉积物中OP和NP浓度之间存在显著的负相关。生态风险评价结果显示，2018 - 2019年，水体中OP的风险较低，沉积物中OP和NP的风险从低到高不等。对于预测这些化合物在马来西亚沉积物-水相互作用中的环境命运，以及评估它们可能对水生生物构成的生态风险，这些关于分配行为的基线信息是非常宝贵的。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

6.70%

发文量

1000

审稿时长

7.3 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Monitoring and Assessment emphasizes technical developments and data arising from environmental monitoring and assessment, the use of scientific principles in the design of monitoring systems at the local, regional and global scales, and the use of monitoring data in assessing the consequences of natural resource management actions and pollution risks to man and the environment.