Exploring the Balance between Faradaic and Non-Faradaic Processes in Organic Chemical Reactions at Plasma-Liquid Interfaces

Abstract

Electrochemistry can enable sustainable chemical manufacturing but is limited by the reactions possible with conventional metal electrodes. Plasma electrochemistry, which replaces a conventional solid electrode with plasma in electrochemical cells, opens new avenues for chemical synthesis by combining Faradaic and non-Faradaic processes at the plasma-liquid interface. To understand how plasma electrochemistry differs from conventional electrochemistry, we investigated plasma reactions with acrylonitrile, an industrially relevant molecule used as the precursor in the well-characterized electrosynthesis of adiponitrile. We demonstrate that non-Faradaic processes dominate plasma-driven chemistry through systematic variation of plasma polarity, current, and reactant concentration, combined with comprehensive quantitative analysis of solid, liquid, and gas products. Most notably, we observed no adiponitrile formation (the desired electrochemical product), while total product yields exceeded the theoretical charge-transfer maximum by up to 32-fold. Substantial polyacrylonitrile formation occurred under all conditions, a product not typically seen in conventional electrochemistry. The plasma anode produced consistently higher yields than the plasma cathode, generating hydrogen and propionitrile at 21 and 2 times the charge-transfer maximum, respectively. Electron scavenger experiments confirmed these transformations occurred primarily through non-Faradaic processes rather than charge transfer. These results demonstrate that plasma electrochemistry with acrylonitrile is primarily driven by non-Faradaic processes at plasma-electrolyte interfaces, providing fundamental insights for harnessing these interactions in chemical synthesis.