Topological invariants of vortices, merons, skyrmions, and their combinations in continuous and discrete systems

Abstract

Magnetic vortices and skyrmions are typically characterized by distinct topological invariants. This paper presents a unified approach for the topological classification of these textures, encompassing isolated objects and configurations where skyrmions and vortices coexist. Using homotopy group analysis, we derive topological invariants that form the free Abelian group, Z×Z. We provide an explicit method for calculating the corresponding integer indices in continuous and discrete systems. This unified classification framework extends beyond magnetism and is applicable to physical systems in general. Published by the American Physical Society 2025