In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic leaves extract of Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe, known locally as “Dzidzilche” or "Ts'its'ilche,” is a native species from Mexico and Central America. In Mayan communities, this plant is used to relieve inflammation and diverse respiratory diseases such as colds, catarrh, bronchitis, and asthma. Usually, a decoction of leaves or flowers is prepared and administered orally.

Aim

This research explores the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol extract of Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe leaves (MGF) using in vitro and in vivo animal models of inflammation.

Methods

MGF was characterized by GC-MS, and cytotoxicity was assessed using hemolysis and MTT assays. The antiphlogistic effect in vitro was measuring the release of cytokines, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide in macrophages stimulated with LPS. Additionally, anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes in serum were quantified in carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. Finally, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity and TPA-induced ear edema models were analyzed.

Results

Compounds found in MGF, such as D-pinitol and protocatechuic (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic) acid, are reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. MGF showed no hemolytic or cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, it displayed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the release of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide levels; on the other hand, it increased IL-10 production. Furthermore, the MGF significantly reduced inflammation in mouse models and reduced the release of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion

Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators, altering cell migration mechanisms, and raising IL-10 production.