Dropout Ensemble Kalman Inversion for High Dimensional Inverse Problems

Abstract

SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Volume 63, Issue 2, Page 685-715, April 2025.
Abstract. Ensemble Kalman inversion (EKI) is an ensemble-based method to solve inverse problems. Its gradient-free formulation makes it an attractive tool for problems with involved formulation. However, EKI suffers from the “subspace property,” i.e., the EKI solutions are confined in the subspace spanned by the initial ensemble. It implies that the ensemble size should be larger than the problem dimension to ensure EKI’s convergence to the correct solution. Such scaling of ensemble size is impractical and prevents the use of EKI in high dimensional problems. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach using dropout regularization to mitigate the subspace problem. We prove that dropout EKI (DEKI) converges in the small ensemble settings, and the computational cost of the algorithm scales linearly with dimension. We also show that DEKI reaches the optimal query complexity, up to a constant factor. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.