Prevalence and Impact of Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Pakistan

Abstract

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of probable and non-probable sarcopenia among older adults in Pakistan and to compare the quality of life (QoL) between those identified as probable sarcopenic and non-probable sarcopenic. A cross-sectional study involving 387 older adults (226 males, 161 females) was conducted from July to December 2023. Anyone taking drugs affecting neuromuscular system and/or having a history of upper limb fracture were excluded. In accordance with the diagnostic criteria outlined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP-2) consensus, the risk of sarcopenia was screened using the SARC-F questionnaire, followed by handgrip strength assessment with a handheld dynamometer. Physical performance, fall risk, and QoL were evaluated using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Fall Efficacy Scale (FES), and EuroQOL (EQ-5D-5 L), respectively. Among 387 participants, 180 (46.3%) had lower muscle strength, indicating probable sarcopenia, with a higher prevalence in females (55.9%) than males (39.4%). Although overall QoL scores showed no significant difference between probable and non-probable sarcopenia groups, the probable sarcopenic reported significantly higher pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression levels (p = 0.001) in EuroQoL domains. Severe restrictions in usual activities and severe anxiety/depression were also more frequent in the probable sarcopenia group, emphasizing the widespread physical and mental effects of sarcopenia. The high prevalence (> 40%) of probable sarcopenia among older adults in Pakistan highlights the importance of routine screening during clinical visits. Early detection may help identify individuals at risk, enabling timely intervention to potentially prevent further health decline and improve quality of life. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these measures.