Electron deficient oxygen species in highly OER active iridium anodes characterized by X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy†

Abstract

Water splitting is a promising technology for storing energy, yet it is challenged by the lack of stable anode materials that can overcome the sluggishness of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Iridium oxides are among the most active and stable OER catalysts, however how these materials achieve their performance remains under discussion. The activity of iridium based materials has been attributed to both high metal oxidation states and the appearance of O 2p holes. Herein we employ a combination of techniques—X-ray absorption at the Ir L_II,III-edge, X-ray absorption and emission at the O K-edge, along with ab initio methods—to identify and characterize ligand holes present in highly OER-active X-ray amorphous oxides. We find, in agreement with the original proposition based on X-ray absorption measurement at the O K-edge, that O 2p holes are present in these materials and can be associated with the increased activity during OER.