Transperineal prostate biopsy with freehand technique under local anaesthetic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Transperineal prostate biopsy (TPPB) under local anaesthesia is a widely employed biopsy method, and is currently endorsed by the European Association of Urology (EAU). This review aimed to assess the pooled detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer using TPPB under local anaesthetic. Additionally, pain scores and complications were also reported.

Methods

Our search was conducted in line with the most recent Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations up to August 2024. The study was registered on PROSPERO under the ID: CRD42024588824. An electronic search was conducted of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases along with grey literature using the Google search engine.

Results

In total, there were 2881 patients included in this review. Biopsy histology results were reported in 11 studies comprising 2781 cases. We observed a clinically significant prostate cancer rate of 52% (95% CI 44%–60%) for studies that employed both a mix of systematic and targeted biopsies and 26% (95% CI 23%–30%) when systematic biopsies alone were taken. The pooled rate was 48% (95% CI 37%–59%), overall. Complications after prostate biopsies were reported by 9 studies with a combined 2688 patients. There were 61 patients (2.3%) who had Clavien–Dindo (CD) 1–2 complications and three patients (0.1%) who had CD 3–5 complications. The pooled rate of CD 1 and 2 complications was 2% (95% CI 1%–4%).

Conclusions

TPPB under local anaesthetic is a safe, efficacious and well-tolerated method of prostate biopsy when compared with other methods. Undertaking the procedure under local anaesthesia does not seem to lower cancer detection rates.