Sex and Region-Specific Differences in Microglial Morphology and Function Across Development.

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-04 DOI:10.3390/neuroglia6010002
Indra R Bishnoi, Evan A Bordt
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Abstract

Microglia are exceptionally dynamic resident innate immune cells within the central nervous system, existing on a continuum of morphologies and functions throughout their lifespan. They play vital roles in response to injuries and infections, clearing cellular debris, and maintaining neural homeostasis throughout development. Emerging research suggests that microglia are strongly influenced by biological factors, including sex, developmental stage, and their local environment. This review synthesizes findings on sex differences in microglial morphology and function in key brain regions, including the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, across the lifespan. Where available, we examine how gonadal hormones influence these microglial characteristics. Additionally, we highlight the limitations of relying solely on morphology to infer function and underscore the need for comprehensive, multimodal approaches to guide future research. Ultimately, this review aims to advance the dialogue on these spatiotemporally heterogeneous cells and their implications for sex differences in brain function and vulnerability to neurological and psychiatric disorders.

发育过程中小胶质细胞形态和功能的性别和区域特异性差异。
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内异常活跃的固有免疫细胞,在其整个生命周期中以连续的形态和功能存在。它们在整个发育过程中对损伤和感染的反应、清除细胞碎片和维持神经稳态起着至关重要的作用。新的研究表明,小胶质细胞受到生物因素的强烈影响,包括性别、发育阶段和当地环境。本综述综合了大脑关键区域(包括额叶皮质、海马、杏仁核、下丘脑、基底神经节和小脑)小胶质细胞形态和功能的性别差异研究结果。在可能的情况下,我们研究性激素如何影响这些小胶质细胞特征。此外,我们强调了仅依靠形态学来推断功能的局限性,并强调需要全面的、多模态的方法来指导未来的研究。最后,本综述旨在推进这些时空异质性细胞的对话及其在脑功能和神经和精神疾病易感性方面的性别差异的含义。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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