Atomistic simulations of short-range ordering with light interstitials in Inconel superalloys

Abstract

This study employed hybrid Monte Carlo Molecular Dynamics simulations to investigate the short-range ordering behavior of Ni-based superalloys doped with boron or carbon. The simulations revealed that both boron and carbon dissociated from their host Ti atoms to achieve energetically favored ordering with Cr, Mo, and Nb. Boron clusters formed as B₂, surrounded by Mo, Nb, and Cr, while carbon preferentially clustered with Cr to form a Cr₂₃C₆ local motif and with Nb to form Nb₂C. Distinct preferences for interstitial sites were observed, with boron favoring tetrahedral sites and carbon occupying octahedral sites. In the presence of a vacancy, B₂ shifted from the tetrahedral site to the vacancy, where it remained coordinated with Mo, Nb, and Cr. Similarly, carbon utilized vacancies to form Nb₂C clusters. Excess energy calculations showed that B and C exhibited strong thermodynamic stability within their short-range ordered configurations. However, under Ti-rich conditions, C was more likely to segregate into TiC, despite preexisting ordering with Cr. This shift in stability suggests that increased Ti availability would alter carbide formation pathways, drawing C away from Cr-rich networks and promoting the development of TiC. Such redistribution may disrupt the continuity of Cr-based carbide networks, which play a critical role in stabilizing grain boundaries and impeding crack propagation. These effects further underscore the impact of interstitial-induced ordering on phase stability and microstructural evolution. This work provides an atomistic perspective on how boron- and carbon-induced ordering influences microstructure and mechanical properties. These findings highlight the critical role of interstitial-induced short-range ordering and demonstrate that this mechanism can be leveraged as a design principle to fine-tune alloy microstructures for specific engineering applications.