Deconstructing the barriers and facilitators of e-bike helmet usage: A structural equation modeling approach

Abstract

Introduction

E-bike accidents are on the rise in China as shared e-bikes become more popular. Helmet usage could prevent e-bike riders from severe head injuries in e-bike accidents. Investigating the underlying determinants that influence the intention towards helmet use is of paramount importance.

Methods

Drawing upon the theoretical underpinnings of the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study puts forth an augmented framework to analyze a dataset comprising responses from 1300 shared e-bike users in Guangzhou, China. By employing structural equation modeling, we aim to pinpoint the pivotal factors influencing helmet use intention, with a particular emphasis on attitudes, punishments for not wearing helmets, subjective norms, safety awareness, personal characteristics, and service level of helmets.

Result

Attitudes, punishments, subjective norms, safety awareness, and service level were identified as five statistically significant factors. Among these, the most potent determinant of an individual's intention to use a helmet was found to be their underlying attitude towards this safety measure. The first two factors (attitudes and punishments) have direct effects on helmet use intention, while the other three determinants have indirect effects that are mediated by attitudes.

Conclusions

Promoting positive attitudes toward helmet use may be more effective than other factors for encouraging their adoption among shared e-bikers. Positive attitudes can be fostered by establishing a helmet-use behavioral norm, increasing shared e-bikers’ safety awareness, and improving helmet quality provided by merchants. As a result of the findings, the current penalty for not wearing a helmet may need to be adjusted to motivate more people to wear helmets.