Engagement in Digital Self-management Interventions for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review.

Abstract

Objectives: Digital interventions promise to increase access to non-pharmacological chronic pain treatment and reduce burden for both individuals seeking care and pain providers/clinics. Unfortunately, despite early evidence of efficacy, engagement in self-management digital interventions for chronic conditions is typically low. A comprehensive analysis into how engagement in these programs is measured and reported is warranted. The current systematic review evaluated engagement in digital self-management interventions for chronic pain and identified gaps to improve reporting of engagement data.

Methods: We conducted a pre-registered systematic review using Boolean search terms to identify digital chronic pain self-management interventions that did not include clinician support. After removal of duplicates and screening, 148 full-text manuscripts were assessed, and 44 studies met inclusion criteria. Data was extracted and examined from included manuscripts.

Results: Of the 44 included articles, five articles were based on two separate datasets, resulting in a final sample of 40 unique datasets representing 4,178 participants that were mostly non-Hispanic White, female, and with at least some college education. Approximately 10% of studies did not report any data related to system use or self-reported engagement. Most engagement data consisted of mean system use variables, with a handful of studies describing self-reported use of skills and very few studies examining demographic variables associated with engagement.

Discussion: To address identified gaps in the reviewed literature, we suggest guidelines for collecting and reporting engagement in digital chronic pain interventions. Consistent reporting of engagement data will improve evaluation, efficacy, and improvement of interventions designed to assist individuals who may otherwise not receive non-pharmacological pain treatment.