Interconnected challenges: Examining the nexus of environmental crime and money laundering in the context of energy transition

Zeynab Malakouti , Mohammad Hazrati
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Abstract

Environmental crime, ranked as the fourth-largest criminal enterprise after drug trafficking, counterfeiting, and human trafficking, encompasses illegal activities such as mineral extraction, land clearance, and waste trafficking. These crimes are closely linked to financial crimes due to their lucrative nature and minimal risks. Climate change accelerates the need for energy transitions which, in turn, could lead to a rise in environmental crimes such as illegal mining and e-waste trafficking. This paper explores the nexus between environmental crime and money laundering as a type of financial crimes in the context of energy transition, focusing on preventing these illegal activities to enable a just transition to a net-zero energy system. Using a case study approach cantered on the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria, known for mineral wealth and e-waste hub respectively, it examines how recommendations from the Financial Action Task Force, including a risk-based approach,criminalisation, and suspicious transaction reports, can guide efforts to prevent environmental crimes.
相互关联的挑战:在能源转型的背景下检查环境犯罪和洗钱的关系
环境犯罪是继毒品走私、伪造货币和人口走私之后的第四大犯罪,包括矿产开采、土地清算和废物走私等非法活动。这些犯罪因其利润丰厚、风险小而与金融犯罪密切相关。气候变化加速了对能源转型的需求,这反过来又可能导致非法采矿和电子废物贩运等环境犯罪的增加。本文探讨了能源转型背景下环境犯罪与洗钱作为一种金融犯罪之间的联系,重点是防止这些非法活动,以实现向净零能源系统的公正过渡。本报告采用以刚果民主共和国和尼日利亚为中心的案例研究方法,研究了金融行动特别工作组的建议,包括基于风险的方法、刑事定罪和可疑交易报告,如何指导预防环境犯罪的努力。这两个国家分别以矿产财富和电子废物中心而闻名。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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