A Scoping Review of School-Based Nutrition Interventions Conducted in Spain

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing in Europe, including Spain, leading to early onset chronic diseases. Two enduring risk factors in this phenomenon are unhealthy nutrition and lack of physical activity. The aim of this review is to examine and appraise the literature on the nature and extent (inputs, activities, outputs) of research conducted in school-based nutrition intervention programs in Spain and their effectiveness (outcomes and impact).

Methods

A review of published studies (2000–2024) using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines across 14 databases was conducted. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, involving a range of 28–2516 youth across many schools in various cities in Spain. Study designs ranged from randomized controlled trials to descriptive projects.

Results

Studies addressed a spectrum of dietary behaviors and knowledge aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle overall, good nutrition, and adequate physical activity. Almost all studies produced positive changes in youths’ nutrition behavior.

Conclusion

School nutrition intervention programs in Spain have shown significant promise in promoting healthier dietary behaviors and reducing obesity-related risks among children and adolescents. These programs improved adherence to the Mediterranean diet, increased fruit and vegetable intake, and better body mass index and body composition outcomes. To enhance impact and scalability, future efforts should focus on consistent methodologies and extended follow-up.