Microstructural and phase degradation of monocrystalline solar photovoltaic panels under extreme desert conditions: Insights from XRD and FTIR analysis

Abstract

The durability of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels in desert environments is critical for sustainable energy production. This study investigates the microstructural degradation of monocrystalline PV panels installed in the Adrar region, which has been operational since 1993, 1997, and 2003. We analyzed the panels' structural transformations and phase compositions using advanced characterization techniques, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results indicate a progressive evolution in silicon lattice parameters, with unit cell volumes increasing from 159.0041 Å³ to 161.5624 Å³ over time, suggesting defect integration and atomic configuration changes due to environmental stressors. Conversely, methane hydrate-clathrate (MH-C) phases showed reduced lattice parameters, hinting at densification or material loss. The study also identified variations in silicon dioxide, with lattice contractions observed in newer panels. Quantitative phase analysis revealed a decline in silicon phase concentration from 98.8 wt% to 89.2 wt%, while silicon dioxide and (MH-C) concentrations increased with panel age. The findings provide critical insights into the degradation mechanisms of PV panels under desert conditions, guiding the development of more resilient and efficient solar energy systems. This research underscores the importance of understanding material degradation to enhance the sustainability of solar energy in harsh environments.