Racial and Ethnic Differences in Advance Care Planning and End-of-Life Care in Older Adults With Stroke: A Cohort Study.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and may result in cognitive impairment and the inability to participate in treatment decisions, attesting to the importance of advance care planning (ACP). Although racial and ethnic differences have been shown for ACP in the general population, little is known about these differences specific to patients with stroke. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of ACP and receipt of life-prolonging care by race and ethnicity among decedents who had suffered a stroke.

Methods: We used the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey. We conducted a cohort study of decedents who died between 2000 and 2018 using multivariable logistic regression models to explore the association between self-reported ethnicity and race and completion of ACP (including a living will [LW] and durable power of attorney for healthcare [DPOAH]) and receipt of life-prolonging care at end of life, controlling for covariates. Stratified models for each race and ethnicity also were conducted.

Results: This study included 3,491 decedents with a reported history of stroke; 57.4% were women, and the mean age was 81.5 years (SD = 10.2). Decedents who identified as non-Hispanic White had the highest end-of-life planning rates (LW: 57%, DPOAH: 72%, and ACP conversation: 63%) compared with those identifying as non-Hispanic Black (LW: 20%, DPOAH 40%, and ACP conversation: 41%) and Hispanic (LW: 20%, DPOAH: 36%, and ACP conversation: 42%; p < 0.001). The presence of ACP discussions, LW, and DPOAH was associated with lower odds of receiving life-prolonging care at end-of-life among non-Hispanic White decedents (OR = .64, CI = .447-0.904; OR = .30, CI = .206-0.445; OR = .61, CI = .386-0.948) but not among those who identified as Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black.

Conclusions: Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black decedents with stroke had significantly lower rates of ACP discussions, LWs, and naming a DPOAH compared with those who identified as non-Hispanic White. In addition, ACP activities were inversely associated with receipt of life-prolonging care among non-Hispanic White decedents, but not among those who identified as non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic. Small ethnic/racial subgroup sizes limit the generalizability of this study.