Epitranscriptomic regulation of HIF-1: bidirectional regulatory pathways.

Abstract

Background: Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications such as N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), provides a novel layer of gene expression regulation with implications for numerous biological processes, including cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a master regulator of the cellular response to low oxygen, plays a critical role in adaptive and pathological processes, including cancer, ischemic heart disease, and metabolic disorders. Recent discoveries accent the dynamic interplay between m⁶A modifications and HIF-1 signaling, revealing a complex bidirectional regulatory network. While the roles of other RNA modifications in HIF-1 regulation remain largely unexplored, emerging evidence suggests their potential significance.

Main body: This review examines the reciprocal regulation between HIF-1 and epitranscriptomic machinery, including m⁶A writers, readers, and erasers. HIF-1 modulates the expression of key m⁶A components, while its own mRNA is regulated by m⁶A modifications, positioning HIF-1 as both a regulator and a target in this system. This interaction enhances our understanding of cellular hypoxic responses and opens avenues for clinical applications in treating conditions like cancer and ischemic heart disease. Promising progress has been made in developing selective inhibitors targeting the m⁶A-HIF-1 regulatory axis. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the complexity of RNA modification dynamics remain significant barriers to clinical translation.

Conclusion: The intricate interplay between m⁶A and HIF-1 highlights the critical role of epitranscriptomics in hypoxia-driven processes. Further research into these regulatory networks could drive therapeutic innovation in cancer, ischemic heart disease, and other hypoxia-related conditions. Overcoming challenges in specificity and off-target effects will be essential for realizing the potential of these emerging therapies.