The influence of printing strategies on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of an additively manufactured Ti6Al4V Grade 23 titanium alloy

IF 5.7 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Fatigue Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2025.108942

Rui F. Martins , Ricardo Branco , José Camacho , Wojciech Macek , Zbigniew Marciniak , António Silva , Cândida Malça

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Abstract

The selective laser melting (SLM) process, a type of laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) in additive manufacturing (AM), uses a high-power density laser to melt metallic powders. This study involved 3D printing Compact Tension (CT) specimens from titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, known for its rigidity, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for aerospace and medical applications.

To predict fatigue life, it is essential to assess fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) in the presence of cracks. This investigation tested three printing strategies − transversal, longitudinal, and cross − under constant amplitude loading (R = 0.2) and compared the results with reference titanium alloys. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the fracture surfaces.

The results indicated that the as-built AM transversal CT specimens (R = 0.2) had superior FCGR compared to the longitudinal and cross specimens, closely matching those of SLM-produced Ti6Al4V heat-treated at 670 °C (R = 0.05). The transverse deposition mode yielded the best performance, with fracture surfaces exhibiting mainly transgranular propagation. In addition, fracture surface topography measurements showed a strong correlation with fatigue life, particularly the relationship between the mean depth of furrows and the number of cycles to failure.

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打印策略对增材制造Ti6Al4V级23钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

选择性激光熔化（SLM）工艺是增材制造（AM）中的一种激光粉末床熔化（LPBF）工艺，它使用高功率密度激光熔化金属粉末。这项研究涉及3D打印钛合金Ti6Al4V的致密张力（CT）样品，Ti6Al4V以其刚性、耐腐蚀性和生物相容性而闻名，适用于航空航天和医疗应用。为了预测疲劳寿命，有必要评估裂纹存在时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率（FCGR）。本研究测试了三种打印策略——横向、纵向和交叉——在恒定振幅载荷下（R = 0.2），并将结果与参考钛合金进行了比较。采用扫描电镜（SEM）对断口进行了分析。结果表明，AM横向CT试样（R = 0.2）的FCGR优于纵向和横向试样（R = 0.05），与经670°C热处理的slm制备的Ti6Al4V试样的FCGR非常接近。横向沉积模式的性能最好，断口主要表现为穿晶扩展。此外，断口表面形貌测量结果显示，与疲劳寿命有很强的相关性，特别是平均沟深与失效循环次数之间的关系。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Fatigue 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

21.70%

发文量

619

审稿时长

58 days

期刊介绍： Typical subjects discussed in International Journal of Fatigue address: Novel fatigue testing and characterization methods (new kinds of fatigue tests, critical evaluation of existing methods, in situ measurement of fatigue degradation, non-contact field measurements) Multiaxial fatigue and complex loading effects of materials and structures, exploring state-of-the-art concepts in degradation under cyclic loading Fatigue in the very high cycle regime, including failure mode transitions from surface to subsurface, effects of surface treatment, processing, and loading conditions Modeling (including degradation processes and related driving forces, multiscale/multi-resolution methods, computational hierarchical and concurrent methods for coupled component and material responses, novel methods for notch root analysis, fracture mechanics, damage mechanics, crack growth kinetics, life prediction and durability, and prediction of stochastic fatigue behavior reflecting microstructure and service conditions) Models for early stages of fatigue crack formation and growth that explicitly consider microstructure and relevant materials science aspects Understanding the influence or manufacturing and processing route on fatigue degradation, and embedding this understanding in more predictive schemes for mitigation and design against fatigue Prognosis and damage state awareness (including sensors, monitoring, methodology, interactive control, accelerated methods, data interpretation) Applications of technologies associated with fatigue and their implications for structural integrity and reliability. This includes issues related to design, operation and maintenance, i.e., life cycle engineering Smart materials and structures that can sense and mitigate fatigue degradation Fatigue of devices and structures at small scales, including effects of process route and surfaces/interfaces.