Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment.

Abstract

Background: Educational attainment is often regarded as a pathway to economic stability and social mobility. However, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework has demonstrated that the effects of educational attainment on various economic, behavioral, and health outcomes are weaker for marginalized populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those living in disadvantaged areas. While MDRs have been documented for various marginalized demographic groups, the role of trauma in moderating socioeconomic outcomes remains underexplored.

Objective: This study examines whether lifetime trauma exposure diminishes the positive association between educational attainment and poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), a key indicator of economic well-being.

Methods: Using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), we analyzed a nationally representative sample of 6,008 adults, including Black, White, Latino, and Other racial/ethnic groups. We employed linear regression models to evaluate the association between the independent variable educational attainment and the outcome PIR. We then tested lifetime trauma as a moderator of this association. Models controlled for age, gender, employment, and race/ethnicity.

Results: Educational attainment was positively associated with PIR across all groups, but the strength of this association was significantly attenuated for individuals with a history of lifetime trauma. These effects were independent of covariates.

Conclusions: These findings extend the MDRs framework by highlighting trauma as a potential contributor to diminished returns of education on socioeconomic well-being. Structural inequities that increase trauma exposure in minoritized populations may also limit the economic benefits of education, particularly for groups with multiple trauma exposures. Policies aimed at addressing economic inequality must integrate social policies that reduce trauma and stress.