Combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and F-ara-EdU staining on whole mount Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract

Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasitic tapeworm that utilizes rats as hosts and offers advantages over human parasitic tapeworms and free-living flatworms as a model system to study the biology and pathology of helminth infections. H. diminuta is minimally infectious to humans, easy to maintain in the lab, demonstrates impressive growth, regeneration, and reproductive capabilities, and is amenable to loss-of-function manipulations. As an emerging model, tool development is critical to increasing the utility of this system. This study introduces a novel protocol for H. diminuta that combines fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-ethynyluridine (F-ara-EdU) uptake and staining. Our protocol allows for the spatial detection of gene expression and simultaneous identification of proliferating cells. Dual labeling of F-ara-EdU and stem cell markers revealed a distinct expression pattern in different anatomical regions, especially in the head and neck. We demonstrate optimal labeling without permeabilization, streamlining the protocol. We also demonstrate generalizability using FISH for other tissue markers. The protocol was applied to perform bulk lineage tracing, revealing that stem cells can differentiate into neuronal and tegumental cells within 3 days. Our protocol provides an important tool in the arsenal for investigating gene expression and cell proliferation in H. diminuta, contributing valuable insights into the biology of parasitic tapeworms and potentially opening new avenues for the study of human parasitic tapeworms.