[Research progress of cytotoxic CD4+ T cell in autoimmune diseases].

Abstract

Cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cells (CD4⁺ CTLs) represent a novel subset of T cells with cytotoxic effects. They recognize target cells in an antigen-specific manner, relying on class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) interactions. CD4⁺ CTLs exert cytotoxic effects on target cells by secreting cytotoxic molecules such as granzymes, perforin, and granulysin. Recent studies have revealed their significant roles in various autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic characteristics, and roles of CD4⁺ CTLs in different types of autoimmune disorders, aiming to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.