Effects of virtual reality mindfulness on cognition and well-being in ALS: A randomized trial protocol

Abstract

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting motor neurons but also leading to significant non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairments, anxiety, depression, and behavioral changes, which severely impact quality of life. While mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have shown promise in alleviating psychological distress, their accessibility is often limited due to patients' physical impairments. Virtual reality (VR) could enhance engagement and immersion, offering a novel, more inclusive therapeutic approach. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to evaluate the efficacy of a VR-based MBI compared to traditional mindfulness for ALS patients. Forty-six participants will be randomly assigned to an eight-week mindfulness program delivered either via VR or in a conventional format. The primary outcome is quality of life, assessed using the ALS-Specific Quality of Life Scale (ALSSQOL-R). Secondary outcomes include cognitive function, anxiety, depression, behavioral changes, and mindfulness propensity, evaluated at baseline, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up. The study will also examine VR usability and potential accessibility challenges for ALS patients. By addressing a critical gap in non-pharmacological psychological care, this study will provide key insights into the feasibility and benefits of VR-based MBIs. If effective, VR mindfulness could offer an innovative, scalable solution to improve emotional well-being and quality of life in ALS, making psychological support more accessible for patients with severe physical limitations.