Pollution characteristics, spatial variation, and ecological risks of phthalate esters in seawater and sediment from nine estuaries and their adjacent areas of Hainan Island, China

IF 3 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Marine environmental research Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107062

Jiashun Shen , Bing Cai , Yanyu Zhou , Narainrit Chinfak , Qipei Li , Hongwei Zhao

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are omnipresent emerging contaminants, garnering increasing public attention. Nevertheless, the occurrence and potential risks of PAEs in tropical estuarine and coastal regions remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological risks of 12 PAEs in seawater and sediment samples collected from 9 estuaries and their adjacent areas around Hainan Island. All the 12 PAEs were examined through solid-phase extraction followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The total concentrations of 12 PAEs (∑₁₂PAEs) in the seawater and sediment samples were 25.6–3280.6 ng/L (mean: 721.0 ± 216.2 ng/L) and 27.0–1503.8 μg/kg dry weight (dw) (mean: 242.6 ± 272.6 μg/kg dw), respectively. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and Dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP) were identified as primary homologs in both the seawater and the sediments. Additionally, the concentrations of ∑₁₂PAEs showed a decreasing trend from estuarine sites to offshore sites, indicating that riverine input may be a primary pathway for PAEs pollution in the coastal areas around Hainan Island. Preliminary risk assessment implied that DBP, DEHP, DMEP, and Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate (DEEP), pose potential threats to sensitive aquatic organisms in this region. Collectively, our findings provide valuable insights for source control and serve as a critical reference for establishing water quality criteria to mitigate PAEs pollution in tropical marine.

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来源期刊

Marine environmental research 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

3.00%

发文量

217

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Marine Environmental Research publishes original research papers on chemical, physical, and biological interactions in the oceans and coastal waters. The journal serves as a forum for new information on biology, chemistry, and toxicology and syntheses that advance understanding of marine environmental processes. Submission of multidisciplinary studies is encouraged. Studies that utilize experimental approaches to clarify the roles of anthropogenic and natural causes of changes in marine ecosystems are especially welcome, as are those studies that represent new developments of a theoretical or conceptual aspect of marine science. All papers published in this journal are reviewed by qualified peers prior to acceptance and publication. Examples of topics considered to be appropriate for the journal include, but are not limited to, the following: – The extent, persistence, and consequences of change and the recovery from such change in natural marine systems – The biochemical, physiological, and ecological consequences of contaminants to marine organisms and ecosystems – The biogeochemistry of naturally occurring and anthropogenic substances – Models that describe and predict the above processes – Monitoring studies, to the extent that their results provide new information on functional processes – Methodological papers describing improved quantitative techniques for the marine sciences.