Orbital tumors: A retrospective analysis of cases from Iraq and orbital anatomical perspectives.

Abstract

Background: With its vital ocular and adnexal structures, the orbit may be affected by a wide array of neoplasms, including primary, secondary, and metastatic neoplasms. These lesions pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in view of complex orbital anatomy and overlapping clinical presentations. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, refractive impacts, and management outcomes of orbital tumors, providing insights to optimize diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Methods: This study retrospectively analyzes 22 patients who had a presentation of orbital tumors at the Istishari Ophthalmic Eye Hospital between January 2019 and January 2024. Collected data were demographic, clinical, refractive, tumor type, laterality, and management outcome. Advanced imaging studies and histopathological diagnoses confirm the diagnoses. Statistical tests will be applied in assessing the relationship among tumor types, clinical presentations, and refractive changes by means of Analysis of Variance and Chi-square tests.

Results: Cavernous hemangioma was the most prevalent tumor (54.5%), followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and optic nerve meningioma (13.6% and 9.1%, respectively). Proptosis (31.8%) was the predominant symptom. Significant refractive changes were noted across tumor types (P = 0.012). Lateral orbitotomy was the most common surgical approach (68.2%), with adjuvant therapies utilized in 22.7% of cases. Tumors predominantly affected females (54.5%) and the left orbit (77.3%).

Conclusion: Orbital tumors present diverse clinical and refractive manifestations, necessitating individualized, multidisciplinary approaches for effective management. This study underscores the importance of advanced imaging, tailored surgical strategies, and the integration of minimally invasive techniques. Future multicenter studies are needed to validate these findings and enhance therapeutic outcomes.