Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy based on stem cell-like memory T cells enhances anti-tumour effects in multiple myeloma

Abstract

To the Editor,

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second largest malignant tumour of the haematological system.¹ Nowadays, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has become a revolutionary approach to the treatment of MM, significantly prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of MM patients.^{2, 3} However, ultimately, most patients inevitably face the outcome of Relapse and drug resistance. Stem cell-like memory T cell (T_SCM) cells are a population of long-lived memory T cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation.^4-6 However, T_SCM cells are extremely low in proportion, and current technology still does not allow for easy access to sufficient quantities of T_SCM cells.⁷ Currently, the therapeutic strategy of CAR-T_SCM has been actively pursued in solid tumours, but it is still rare in MM.

We first investigated the quantity and function of bone marrow T_SCM cells in MM patients with flow cytometry (FCM). We chose ‘CD3⁺T_SCM events/CD3⁺T events’ and ‘CD8⁺T_SCM events/CD8⁺T events’ to show the percentage of T_SCM and to ensure the comparability of the statistics results. The results revealed that the percentage of CD3⁺T_SCM cells was significantly reduced in the newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) compared to both the health control (HC) (0.51 ± 0.31% vs. 0.98 ± 0.39%) and the complete response (CR) (0.51 ± 0.31% vs. 0.92 ± 0.54%) (p <  .0001, p = .0005). The percentage of CD3⁺CD8⁺T_SCM cells, which was reduced in the NDMM compared to both the HC (0.41 ± 0.28% vs. 0.97 ± 0.40%) and the CR (0.41 ± 0.28% vs. 0.61 ± 0.36%) (p <  .0001, p = .0132) (Figure S1A,B).

Then, we found that the expression levels of Perforin and Granzyme B were significantly higher in CD3⁺T_SCM cells compared to CD3⁺T cells (42.26 ± 3.69% vs. 15.32 ± 2.75%, p <  .0001; 57.18 ± 6.38% vs. 21.56 ± 3.38%, p <  .0001); similarly, higher in CD3⁺CD8⁺T_SCM cells than in CD3⁺CD8⁺T cells (47.77 ± 3.18% vs. 18.37 ± 3.89%, p <  .0001; 50.30 ± 4.12% vs. 28.84 ± 3.49%, p <  .0001) (Figure S1C).

Afterwards, we took the bone marrow from MM patients who were candidates for B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-CART treatment. After aspiration, part of the bone marrow from these patients was used for their own clinical treatments and the rest was used in this experiment. Then we induced the expansion of T_SCM cells in vitro and FCM was used to detect the number and function of T_SCM cells (Figure 1A).

It has been demonstrated that MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi) can be used to perform T_SCM cell expansion and can inhibit CAR-T depletion and differentiation.^{8, 9} We found that the percentages of CD3⁺T_SCM cells were significantly higher (6.04 ± 1.02%, P <  . 05) after 2d of induction by interleukin (IL)-2 and MEKi (Figure 1B).

As for the function, the expression levels of Perforin and Granzyme B in T_SCM cells were significantly increased in IL-2 and MEKi group (68.92 ± 19.20%, 61.60 ± 21.01%, p <  .05) (Figure 1C). What's more, when co-cultured with MM cell line RPMI-8226 after 48 h, the anti-tumour ability of T_SCM cells induced and expanded by IL-2 and MEKi was significantly enhanced when compared with other groups (Figure 1D).

Then, D0 (the day the CAR-T_SCM cells were constructed) was selected for subsequent experiments to activate T cells with T Cell TransAct™. By co-culturing with the RPMI8226 cell line in the ratio of effector cells to target cells of 1:1 for 5h and 24h, we found that virus transfection can significantly improve the tumour-killing ability (Figure S2).

Finally, we validated it with mouse models. The RPMI-8226 Luciferase Overexpression stable transcript strain was first constructed(Figure S3), and 16 4–6-week-old NSG mice were selected and injected (3×10⁶ cell/mouse) (Figure 2A). The experimental groups were designed as Group 1 (G1, PBS control), G2 (BCMA-CART), G3 (CAR-T_SCM) and G4 (T_SCM cell), with the treatment dose of 5×10⁶/mouse. The tumour load of mice in each group were observed and calculated by in vivo imaging at D0, D4, D8, D14, D33 and D42 (Figure 2B,C ), and blood was taken from the tail vein to assess the expression of CAR and the liver and kidney index of mice at D33 among the groups. We found a significant reduction in tumour load when respectively compared G2、G3 and G4 to G1 on D42 (G1 vs. G2:4.41×10⁹, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 3.62–5.22×10⁹, p <  .0001; G1 vs. G3:4.38×10⁹, 95%CI 3.61–5.17×10⁹, p <  .0001; G1 vs. G4:4.09×10⁹, 95%CI 3.28–4.91×10⁹, p <  .0001). Among them, the tumour load reduction was more significant in G2 and G3, but no significant difference was demonstrated between these two groups (p > .05) (Figure 2D). At this time, no difference was seen in CAR expression between G2 and G3 (p > .05) (Figure 2E).

After that, contralateral subcutaneous tumour formation was performed in the G2 and G3 on D42, and the tumour load were observed in D42, D51, and D60(Figure 2F,H). We noticed that the tumour load seen in the G3 was significantly reduced compared to the G2 (4.88×10⁷, 95%CI 0.09–9.67×10⁷, p = .045) (Figure 2I). This suggested a better long-term therapeutic efficacy of the G3. At this time, the expression of CAR in the G3 was higher than that in the G2 on D60 (Figure 2G,J). Combining the results of the two blood tests, we found that the G3 could exert a stronger and longer-lasting anti-tumour effect and does not affect liver or kidney index in mice (Figure S4).

At present, the research progress of CAR-T_SCM is still mainly limited to solid tumours, such as lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, etc.¹⁰ Therefore, we focused on MM, expanded a higher proportion of T_SCM cells and produced CAR-T_SCM cells, and found through ex vivo and in vivo experiments that it may be more durable than traditional CAR-T, which may have exerted a more durable tumour killing effect, perhaps enabling MM mice to obtain deep disease remission and providing new ideas for clinical treatment.

Zhaoyun Liu, Xintong Xu and Yihao Wang performed experiments, analyzed and interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. Panpan Cao, Jia Song, Kai Ding and Hui Liu analyzed and interpreted data, and revised the manuscript. Rong Fu designed the study, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This work was supported by the Key research and development projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology (grant no. 2024YFC2510500), the National Natural Science Foundation Project (grant nos. 82270142 and 81900131), the Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 24ZGSSSS00050), the Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project (grant nos. 24ZXGZSY00090 and 24ZXGQSY00020), Tianjin Municipal Health Commission Project (grant no. TJWJ2023XK003) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2023M742624).

Our study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, and all subjects voluntarily signed an informed consent form (Ethics No.IRB2023-KY-294). All mouse experiments were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (Ethics No.IRB2023-DWFL-363).