Palliative General Anesthesia at Terminal Extubation: "Go Gentle into that Good Night".

Abstract

Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments in the intensive care unit most often culminates into the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and removal of the endotracheal tube or "terminal extubation." Standards of practice call for the appropriate use of analgesia and sedation before, during and after extubation with an explicit goal to relieve suffering but not to hasten death. Patients subjected to this procedure are exposed to variable pharmacologic agents, modes, and doses, without any knowledge or monitoring of what these patients are experiencing. This practice seems to rest on contestable assumptions regarding the reliability of bedside examination, the experiential states of unresponsive patients, and the scope of the doctrine of double effect; instead, I argue for palliative general anesthesia in order to safeguard against potential suffering at the end of life. I employ philosophical notions of harm to justify the normative status of palliative anesthesia, in conjunction with contemporary evidence as it relates to the phenomena of covert consciousness and cognitive-motor dissociation. If this analysis is correct, then it may serve as a valid challenge toward current practice without having engaged into controversial debates over the soundness of the doctrine of double effect, or euthanasia. Primun non nocere offers the strongest justification for general anesthesia when terminal extubation is planned.