Optimization of Phase Change Material Properties for Enhanced Thermal Performance in Building Envelopes

Abstract

This study focuses on optimizing the thermophysical properties of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) integrated into building envelopes to reduce heating and cooling loads. The six key factors analyzed include PCM thickness, melting temperature, latent heat of fusion, density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. Using Taguchi orthogonal experimental design (OED) and ANOVA analysis, PCM performance was assessed across four climates: the USA, Germany, Uzbekistan, and Egypt. The study revealed that a thinner PCM layer (0.002 m) and higher latent heat of fusion (up to 231 000 J/kg) significantly reduced heating loads, particularly in colder climates like the USA and Germany, with heating load reductions ranging from 65.45 to 80.60 kWh/m² a. In warmer regions, such as Egypt and Uzbekistan, higher melting temperatures (up to 29°C) and greater thermal conductivity (up to 0.5 W/mK) contributed to better energy performance, reducing cooling loads from 207.05 to 124.81 kWh/m² a. The findings demonstrate that optimizing latent heat and density is crucial, with these factors having the highest impact on energy savings across all climates. Specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, while important, showed less significant effects. Despite these promising results, limitations include the need for further investigation into the long-term durability and cost-effectiveness of PCMs. Future research should focus on large-scale implementation and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, PCM-enhanced building envelopes present a viable solution for improving energy efficiency, and this study highlights the importance of tailoring PCM properties to specific climate conditions to maximize their effectiveness.