A high redox potential phenothiazine-based catholyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Future Batteries Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.fub.2025.100050

Honglin Chen , Youke Chen , Manrong Song , Xiaocong Zhou , Meiling Huang , Xuan Shen , Jiayou Ren , Chao Ji , Shengxin Yao , Liuping Chen , Bin Liu , Tianshou Zhao

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Abstract

We report the design and synthesis of a highly water-soluble sulfonic acid anion-functionalized phenothiazine (PTZS), which exhibits a solubility of 1.95 M in mixed acids (2.7 M H₂SO₄ and 1.8 M AA) and 1.7 M in water, resulting in a theoretical capacity of 52.26 Ah L⁻¹. Due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the sulfur atom in the skeleton, PTZS achieves a high potential of 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). When paired with an anthraquinone anolyte, the assembled aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) demonstrates a capacity retention of 62 % over 1000 cycles at a current density of 30 mA cm⁻² with a capacity decay of as low as 0.038 % per cycle. We also investigated the mechanism of capacity decay by conducting a series of measurements, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Results indicate that although PTZS does generate certain sulfoxide byproducts, the capacity decay of the flow battery is primarily caused by the crossover of PTZS.

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用于水性有机氧化还原液流电池的高氧化还原电位吩噻嗪基阴极电解质

我们设计并合成了一种高水溶性磺酸阴离子功能化吩噻嗪（PTZS），它在混合酸（2.7 M H2SO4和1.8 M AA）和水中的溶解度分别为1.95 M和1.7 M，理论容量为52.26 Ah L−1。由于骨架中硫原子的强吸电子效应，PTZS达到了0.5 V （vs. Ag/AgCl）的高电位。当与蒽醌阳极电解质配对时，组装好的水性有机氧化还原液电池（AORFB）在电流密度为30 mA cm−2的情况下，在1000次循环中容量保持率为62 %，每循环的容量衰减率低至0.038 %。我们还通过循环伏安法（CV）、核磁共振波谱法（NMR）和高分辨率质谱法（HR-MS）等一系列测量研究了容量衰减的机制。结果表明，虽然PTZS确实会产生一定的亚砜副产物，但液流电池的容量衰减主要是由PTZS的交叉引起的。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Future Batteries

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